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I am sharing the Anthropology Optional syllabus and previous year question papers from 2013 to 2019.
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Anthropology Paper-I Syllabus:
1.1 Meaning, scope and development of
Anthropology.
1.2 Relationships
with other disciplines: Social Sciences, Behavioural Sciences, Life
Sciences, Medical Sciences, Earth Sciences, and Humanities.
1.3 Main branches of
Anthropology, their scope, and relevance:
·
Social-cultural Anthropology.
·
Biological Anthropology.
·
Archaeological Anthropology.
·
Linguistic Anthropology.
1.4 Human Evolution
and the emergence of Man:
·
Biological and Cultural factors in human evolution.
·
Theories of Organic Evolution (Pre- Darwinian, Darwinian and
Post-Darwinian).
·
Synthetic theory of evolution; Brief outline of terms and concepts of
evolutionary biology (Doll’s rule, Cope’s rule, Gause’s rule, parallelism,
convergence, adaptive radiation, and mosaic evolution).
1.5 Characteristics
of Primates; Evolutionary Trend and Primate Taxonomy; Primate Adaptations;
(Arboreal and Terrestrial) Primate Taxonomy; Primate Behaviour; Tertiary and
Quaternary fossil primates; Living Major Primates; Comparative Anatomy of Man
and Apes; Skeletal changes due to erect posture and its implications.
1.6 Phylogenetic
status, characteristics and geographical distribution of the following:
·
Social Sciences, Behavioural Sciences, Life Sciences, Medical Sciences,
Earth Sciences, and Humanities.
·
Homo erectus: Africa (Paranthropus), Europe (Homo erectus
heidelbergensis), Asia (Homo erectus javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis).
·
Neanderthal Man- La-Chapelle-aux-saints (Classical type), Mt. Carmel
(Progressive type).
·
Rhodesian man.
·
Homo sapiens — Cromagnon, Grimaldi, and Chancelede.
1.7 The biological
basis of life: The Cell, DNA structure and replication, Protein Synthesis, Gene,
Mutation, Chromosomes, and Cell Division.
1.8
a) Principles of
Prehistoric Archaeology. Chronology: Relative and Absolute Dating methods.
b) Cultural Evolution-
Broad Outlines of Prehistoric cultures:
·
Paleolithic
·
Mesolithic
·
Neolithic
·
Chalcolithic
·
Copper-Bronze Age
·
Iron Age
2.1 The Nature of
Culture: The concept and characteristics of culture and civilization;
Ethnocentrism vis-Ã -vis cultural Relativism.
2.2 The Nature of
Society: Concept of Society; Society and Culture; Social Institutions;
Social groups; and Social stratification.
2.3 Marriage: Definition and
universality; Laws of marriage (endogamy, exogamy, hypergamy, hypogamy, incest
taboo); Types of marriage (monogamy, polygamy, polyandry, group marriage).
Functions of marriage; Marriage regulations (preferential, prescriptive and
proscriptive); Marriage payments (bridewealth and dowry).
2.4 Family: Definition and
universality; Family, household and domestic groups; functions of family; Types
of family (from the perspectives of structure, blood relation, marriage,
residence, and succession); Impact of urbanization, industrialization and
feminist movements on family.
2.5 Kinship: Consanguinity
and Affinity; Principles and types of descent (Unilineal, Double, Bilateral,
Ambilineal); Forms of descent groups (lineage, clan, phratry, moiety and
kindred); Kinship terminology (descriptive and classificatory); Descent,
Filiation, and Complimentary Filiation; Descent and Alliance.
3 Economic
organization: Meaning, scope and relevance of economic anthropology; Formalist and
Substantivist debate; Principles governing the production, distribution, and
exchange (reciprocity, redistribution, and market), in communities, subsisting
on hunting and gathering, fishing, swiddening, pastoralism, horticulture, and
agriculture; globalization and indigenous economic systems.
4 Political
organization and Social Control: Band, tribe, chiefdom, kingdom and
state; concepts of power, authority, and legitimacy; social control, law, and
justice in simple societies.
5 Religion: Anthropological
approaches to the study of religion (evolutionary, psychological and
functional); monotheism and polytheism; sacred and profane; myths and rituals;
forms of religion in tribal and peasant societies (animism, animatism,
fetishism, naturism, and totemism); religion, magic and science distinguished;
magic- religious functionaries (priest, shaman, medicine man, sorcerer, and
witch).
6 Anthropological
theories:
a. Classical
evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan, and Frazer)
b. Historical
particularism (Boas); Diffusionism (British, German and American)
c. Functionalism
(Malinowski); Structural- functionalism (Radcliffe-Brown)
d. Structuralism (L’evi
– Strauss and E. Leach)
e. Culture and
personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner, and Cora – du Bois).
f. Neo – evolutionism
(Childe, White, Steward, Sahlins, and Service)
g. Cultural materialism
(Harris)
h. Symbolic and
interpretive theories (Turner, Schneider, and Geertz)
i. Cognitive theories
(Tyler, Conklin)
j. Postmodernism in
anthropology
7 Culture, language, and communication:
Nature, origin, and characteristics of language; verbal and non-verbal
communication; social context of language use.
8 Research methods in anthropology:
a) Fieldwork tradition
in anthropology
b) Distinction between
technique, method, and methodology
c) Tools of data
collection: observation, interview, schedules, questionnaire, Case study,
genealogy, life-history, oral history, secondary sources of information,
participatory methods.
d) Analysis,
interpretation, and presentation of data.
9.1 Human Genetics – Methods and
Application: Methods for the study of genetic principles in the man-family
study (pedigree analysis, twin study, foster child, co-twin method, cytogenetic
method, chromosomal and karyotype analysis), biochemical methods, immunological
methods, D.N.A. technology, and recombinant technologies.
9.2 Mendelian
genetics in the man-family study, single factor, multifactor, lethal,
sub-lethal and polygenic inheritance in man.
9.3 Concept of
genetic polymorphism and selection, Mendelian population, Hardy-Weinberg law;
causes and changes which bring down frequency – mutation, isolation, migration,
selection, inbreeding and genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-consanguineous
mating, genetic load, genetic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages.
9.4 Chromosomes and
chromosomal aberrations in man, methodology.
a) Numerical and
structural aberrations (disorders).
b) Sex chromosomal
aberrations – Klinefelter (XXY), Turner (XO), Super female (XXX), intersex and
other syndromic disorders.
c) Autosomal aberrations
– Down syndrome, Patau, Edward and Cri-du-chat syndromes.
d) Genetic imprints in
human disease, genetic screening, genetic counseling, human DNA profiling, gene
mapping, and genome study.
9.5 Race and
racism, biological basis of morphological variation of non-metric and metric
characters. Racial criteria, racial traits in relation to heredity and
environment; biological basis of racial classification, racial differentiation
and race crossing in man.
9.6 Age, sex and
population variation as genetic marker- ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA Hp,
transferring, Gm, blood enzymes.
Physiological
characteristics – Hb level, body fat, pulse rate, respiratory functions and sensory
perceptions in different cultural and socio-economic groups.
9.7 Concepts and
methods of Ecological Anthropology. Bio-cultural Adaptations – Genetic
and Non- genetic factors. Man’s physiological responses to environmental
stresses: hot desert, cold, high altitude climate.
9.8 Epidemiological
Anthropology: Health and disease. Infectious and non-infectious diseases.
Nutritional deficiency-related diseases.
10 Concept of human
growth and development: stages of growth – pre-natal, natal, infant,
childhood, adolescence, maturity, senescence.
·
Factors affecting growth and development genetic, environmental,
biochemical, nutritional, cultural and socio-economic.
·
Aging and senescence.
·
Theories and observations – biological and chronological longevity.
Human physique and somatotypes. Methodologies for growth studies.
11.1 Relevance of
menarche, menopause and other bioevents to fertility. Fertility patterns and
differentials.
11.2 Demographic
theories- biological, social and cultural.
11.3 Biological and
socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity, fertility, natality, and
mortality.
12 Applications of Anthropology: Anthropology of sports, Nutritional anthropology, Anthropology in designing of defense and other equipment, Forensic Anthropology, Methods and principles of personal identification and reconstruction, Applied human genetics – Paternity diagnosis, genetic counseling and eugenics, DNA technology in diseases and medicine, serogenetics and cytogenetics in reproductive biology.
Anthropology Paper-II Syllabus:
1.1 Evolution of the Indian Culture and
Civilization — Prehistoric (Palaeolithic,
Mesolithic, Neolithic and Neolithic – Chalcolithic).
Protohistoric (Indus Civilization): Pre- Harappan, Harappan and post- Harappan cultures.Contributions
of tribal cultures to Indian civilization.
1.2 Palaeo – anthropological evidence from India with special reference to
Siwaliks and Narmada basin (Ramapithecus, Sivapithecus and Narmada Man).
1.3 Ethno-archaeology in India: The concept of ethnoarchaeology; Survivals and Parallels among the
hunting, foraging, fishing, pastoral and peasant communities including arts and
crafts producing communities.
2. Demographic profile of India — Ethnic and linguistic elements in the Indian population and their
distribution. Indian population – factors influencing its structure and growth.
3.1 The structure and nature of the
traditional Indian social system — Varnashram, Purushartha, Karma,
Rina, and Rebirth.
3.2 Caste system in India – Structure, and characteristics, Varna and caste, Theories of
origin of the caste system, Dominant caste, Caste mobility, Future of caste
system, Jajmani system, Tribe- caste continuum.
3.3 Sacred Complex and Nature – Man- Spirit Complex.
3.4 Impact of
Buddhism, Jainism, Islam, and Christianity on Indian society.
4. Emergence
and growth of anthropology in India – Contributions of the 18th, 19th,
and early 20th Century scholar-administrators. Contributions of Indian
anthropologists to tribal and caste studies.
5.1 Indian Village: Significance of
village study in India; Indian village as a social
system; Traditional and changing patterns of settlement and inter-caste
relations; Agrarian relations in Indian villages; Impact of globalization on
Indian villages.
5.2 Linguistic and
religious minorities and their social, political and economic status.
5.3 Indigenous and
exogenous processes of socio-cultural change in Indian society:
Sanskritization, Westernization, Modernization; Inter-play of little and great
traditions; Panchayati raj and social change; Media and social change.
6.1 Tribal situation in India – Bio-genetic variability, linguistic and socio-economic
characteristics of tribal populations and their distribution.
6.2 Problems of the tribal Communities
— land alienation, poverty, indebtedness, low literacy, poor
educational facilities, unemployment, underemployment, health, and nutrition.
6.3 Developmental
projects and their impact on tribal displacement and problems of
rehabilitation. Development of forest policy and tribals. Impact of
urbanization and industrialization on tribal populations.
7.1 Problems of
exploitation and deprivation of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other
Backward Classes. Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled
Castes.
7.2 Social change
and contemporary tribal societies: Impact of modern democratic institutions,
development programs and welfare measures on tribals and weaker sections.
7.3 The concept of
ethnicity; Ethnic conflicts and political developments; Unrest among tribal
communities; Regionalism and demand for autonomy; Pseudo-tribalism; Social
change among the tribes during colonial and post-Independent India.
8.1 Impact of
Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and other religions on tribal
societies.
8.2 Tribe and
nation-state – a comparative study of tribal communities in India and other
countries.
9.1 History of
administration of tribal areas, tribal policies, plans, programs of tribal
development and their implementation.
The concept of PTGs (Primitive Tribal
Groups), their distribution, special programs for their development. Role of
N.G.O.s in tribal development.
9.2 Role of
anthropology in tribal and rural development.
9.3 Contributions of anthropology to the understanding of regionalism, communalism, and ethnic and political movements.
Anthropology Optional Previous Year Question Papers (2013-2019)
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